Ramayana Divine Loophole

Shaquille Burnett World Lit. 6th period Rama is the main character and superhero of this story. The main character is a hero, who is often possessed of supernatural abilities or qualities. Rama displays his supernatural abilities by being able to pick up a strong edged bow. Also later in the story he has the ability to fly and having the power to neutralize an arrow and fly a chariot. The hero is charged with a quest.Rama has to leave, because sita has two wishes and one of them is exiling him to the forest for 14 years. His wife is kidnapped and wants revenge on ravanna. The hero is tested, often to prove the worthiness of himself and his quest. By facing ravanna on his journey is challenging his worthiness and it tested him on his quest to revenge. The presence of numerous mythical beings, magical and helpful animals, and human helpers and companions, monkeys were part of the magical quest helping Rama to defeat ravanna.The hero’s travels to take him to a supernatural world, often one that normal human beings are barred from entering a forest where there are magical and numerous mythical beings. Rama and his family are happy after years of being in the forest and from being there they destroyed the evil creatures. The cycle must reach a low point where the hero nearly gives up his quest or appears defeated. Rama almost loses; he did not want to beat his enemy by faint. Ravana persuades sita to marry him, Rama and his army undertakes ravana and his army in a fierce battle and reunites with sita.

Baldwin Notes of a Native Son Analysis Essay

â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† is a first person narrative about James Baldwin who lived with his family in Harlem during a difficult time for the equal rights movement in America. Racism through Baldwin’s experience shows its potential to feed off of itself in a vicious cycle, with one person’s hate leading to someone else’s. He has first hand experience with this through his father, a man who, while considered free, felt the pressures of racism throughout his life. The hate Baldwin’s father had towards white people was a reflection of the current state of equal rights in the country. Baldwin finally understands his father’s feelings when he moves to New Jersey and sees racism for himself. He eventually comes full circle to realize the true problem with racism, but he is too late to reconcile with his father. The story begins with a nineteen-year-old James Baldwin at his father’s funeral. Looking back on the time he spent with his fathe r, Baldwin realizes that he very rarely spoke to his father and had almost no relationship with him. Baldwin credits this partially to the fact that both him and his father were stubborn and prideful, but also maintains his father â€Å"could be chilling in the pulpit and indescribably cruel in his personal life and he was certainly the most bitter man I have ever met; yet it must be said that there was something else to him, buried in him, which lent him his tremendous power and, even, a rather crushing charm† (Baldwin 588). This bitterness is a natural reaction to the racial tensions during Baldwin’s father’s life. Baldwin remembers his father as an angry man who distrusted all white people because he was among the first generations of free men and, during his time, racism was very prevalent in the United States. His father had been ill a long time and ended up dying of tuberculosis. However, he was also sick with paranoia; this â€Å"disease of his mind allowed the disease of his body to destroy him† (Baldwin 590). Baldwin actually comments that throughout his whole life, he never remembers a time where any of his brothers or sisters was actually happy to see their father. His father always warned his children not to trust white people, and often warned that some of them may be nice from time to time, but that none of them were to be trusted. However, as an innocent child, Baldwin wanted to believe that white people were not all inherently evil like his father said. This hope was e mbodied by one of Baldwin’s teachers who helped him and his family for a time when ’s father got laid off from his job. However as Baldwin grows  older, he begins to see why his father was so bitter toward white people. He moves to New Jersey where he realizes, to his surprise, that even in northern states, to be a negro meant that â€Å"one was never looked at but was simply at the mercy of the reflexes of the color of one’s skin caused in other people†(592). While living in New Jersey, he feels everyone trying to â€Å"eject† him (592); he is fired from his job and re-hired three times in one year. On his last night in New Jersey, he goes to Trenton with a friend for drinks and a movie. When they went to the â€Å"American Diner† they were refused service because the diner â€Å"didn’t serve negroes† (593). Soon after, he was refused service again and nearly assaulted a waitress. This represents the moment where he truly understands his father’s anger. He now feels upset and has a wish too reconcile with his father, but obviously no longer has the opportunity to do so. Baldwin reminisces on a time when he went to see his father during the illness, and the last time before he died. He had put off seeing him for so long because he did not want to see his father in the state he was in. He had hated his father for the man he once was but seeing who he had become only made Baldwin feel sorry for him. He realizes that he shouldn’t have hated his father for how he felt and wishes he were there to talk to him. Baldwin understands that hatred not only hurts the people being hated, it also destroys the man who hates, and real change will only happen if we can separate ourselves from this hate on both sides. Baldwin sees many different sides of racism throughout his life; from a child who disagrees with his father’s hatred of white people, to an adult that also caught the â€Å"illness† that his father had. These experiences eventually bring him to the realization of the underlying problem of racism. Baldwin sees the sickness that the country suffers from does not stem solely from one side spreading hate, but from both sides equally making it that way. Although whites spread racism and hate, blacks responded in a similar fashion, which only made the situation worse. When one group hates another, that hatred not only hurts the victims, but also destroys those who hate. â€Å"Hatred, which could destroy so much, never failed to destroy the man who hated and this was an immutable law† (603). The only hope to abolish racism and the hatred that comes along with it is for both sides to try and understand each other to overcome the hate. I agree with Baldwin when he  says , â€Å"it now had been laid to my charge to keep my own heart free of hatred and despair† (604). It is up to us to separate ourselves from the hate so all can understand and improve the lives of others instead of destroying them.

Analyse The Factors Contributing To Language Maintenance Education Essay

Analyse The Factors Contributing To Language Maintenance Education Essay In countries of significant migration, like Australia, newly arrived settlers from non-English speaking countries need to become bilingual, adding to fluency in their own language at least some fluency in English. With the passage of time, perhaps generations, families may find that their ethnic language becomes lost to them. Many consider that this loss is not only a loss for families and individuals, but that it is also a loss for the community at large. For the purposes of this essay, the term â€Å"language maintenance† is used to refer to the ability of ethnic communities, families and individuals to maintain their own language while adapting to the language of their new country. This essay will consider the factors which appear to influence the maintenance of a language, focusing on some of the more powerful social and psychological forces which propel individuals towards the continued learning and maintenance of a minority language. There seems to be little doubt among the researchers that attitudes influence language maintenance. In fact, attitudes towards the minority language and culture appear to underlie the other relevant factors, which include sense of ethnic identity, motivation and family support. These factors will be dealt with in turn in this essay. There is a considerable body of evidence that attitudes to the ethnic language and culture influence language maintenance. In order to consider attitudes towards a language, one needs to consider what makes a language valuable. According to Edwards (1985), greater possibilities of employment and acceptance by the community that speaks the language are some valuable qualities. Factors that devalue a language would include the embarrassment some children feel about parents’ use of the minority language in public when the children want to conform. Gardner (1985) has produced and reviewed studies attempting to establish a relationship between attitudes towards a language and culture and motivation to practise the language and participate in that culture. He concludes on the basis of the research that attitudes are fairly consistently related to achievement in a language. Political issues obviously affect attitudes and Romaine (1989, p. 42), in dealing with the effect of ties with the homeland on language maintenance, wrote that â€Å"refugees often reject the language of the oppressive regime and try to assimilate to the new culture as quickly as possible†. An individual’s and community’s sense of ethnic identity appears to have a profound influence on language maintenance. Issues of identity are extremely personal and often emotional, interwoven as they are with personality. One expects the extent to which a person identifies with his/her ethnic background to influence the motivation behind maintenance of the ethnic language. Some studies (e.g. Bentahila and Davies, 1992) have disputed this expectation. It appears that it is possible for a sp eech community to value its ethnic background and language highly though not passing it on to their children, possibly for utilitarian reasons. Or language may not be considered a core value of ethnic identity, as with the Dutch community in Australia, which tends not to maintain the Dutch language over generations (Clyne, 1982). The Dutch community in Australia, according to Smolicz and Secombe (1979), is a group that does not consider it very important to retain its own culture as distinct to that of the dominant majority. Poles and Greeks, however, are language-centred cultures, in which language is considered an important and defining aspect of group membership. These communities, according to Clyne (1979), do maintain their languages well. It thus appears that a strong sense of ethnic identity is an important factor contributing to language maintenance as long as language is considered an important part of that identity.

A Pro Life Philosophy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Pro Life Philosophy Paper - Essay Example Yet, the strongest critics of abortion come from the community of Christianity. How do we reconcile that what is basically an atheist philosophy falls in line with traditional Christianity on being pro-life The reason lies in the misconception that religion has held over the centuries that it is the sole province of morality. However, where religion has surrendered the responsibility for morality to an ever-present God, Epicurian philosophy dictates that the responsibility lies within the self. The fault with abortion is not political, social, or religious. It is the internal anxiety we feel about the issue. This is critical. There is no one that is pro-abortion. They may agree that the right should exist, but they can not argue that the specific action is valid. Abortion causes pain and a life filled with the anxiety of having terminated what may have been a child. It is not God that will judge you for this, it will be your own self doubts. What was most important in Epicurus' philosophy of nature was the overall conviction that our life on this earth comes with no strings attached; that there is no Maker whose puppets we are; that there is no script for us to follow and be constrained by; that it is up to us to discover the real constraints which our own nature imposes on us. Blinded by this disassociation... It is because this is the life there is and this is the one that matters. "Not because God has decreed that such things are 'immoral', but because it is stupid to do anything that would cause you to worry about anything." (Inwood and Gerson). If we knew that our actions would never be revealed, we might do anything. We would have no worry about consequences and we could be as immoral as we chose. However, social norms dictate behaviors that people will find out, we will be uncovered, and we will be left standing naked against the wind of truth. If God does not exist and there is no future judgment, what purpose does a moral life have Konstan illustrates the philosophy when he says, "Where law obtains, Epicurus indicates, it is preferable not to commit crimes, even secret ones, since there will always be anxiety over the possibility of detection, and this will disrupt the tranquillity or ataraxy that is the chief basis of happiness in life". So how does this relate to abortion At the most basic level, abortion takes place at the very beginning of life and as such is central to our anxirty. Critics of the pro-life stance point to individual privacy and the right to remain independent. The capitalist viewpoint is expressed as,A fetus does not have a right to be in the womb of any woman, but is only in there by her permission. The woman may revoke this permission at any time. Rights are not permissions; permissions are not rights. The woman gives this permission, because it is her body -- and not the fetus's body, and certainly not the government's body ("Abortion is pro-life") Though this is an undeniable truth, the consequences will still haunt you. The anxiety that we seek to

Globalization and Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Globalization and Identity - Essay Example However, it escalated to the period of colonial expansion due to the potential resources, which are abundant in the lands of Asia (Steger 29). Almost all parts of Asia have been subjugated from colonial rule due to such a heated demand to sustain the needs of industrialized nations in terms of raw material supply (Scupin 325). Most Western countries have colonized the Asian lands. India was controlled by Britain. The Philippines by Spain then the United States. The first point I want to analyze, in a critical sense, is the politics, economics and social conditions that surround identity; specifically, the people of a particular nation. One cannot undermine that certain countries in Asia have governments, whether it is an imperial or a feudal one. China, for example, has an imperial government that is centralized. It cannot be denied that China, under political circumstances, already has a sense of belonging and expansion of influence. Other countries, for the same matter, have feudal societies and tribes that already have a systematized government, possibly ethnic or tribal to a certain extent. Identification is present. These established governments are already propagating a sense of identity. The intervention came from the Western countries since they are forwarding a certain political ideology on their part. This would only mean that the West tries to manipulate the identity of the people in these countries to ensure that they are adher ent to the conventions, which are in favor of the Western people. ... Mostly Western countries have colonized the Asian lands. India was controlled by Britain. Philippines by Spain then United States. The first point I want to analyze, in a critical sense, is the politics, economics and social conditions that surround identity; specifically, the people of a particular nation. One cannot undermine that certain countries in Asia have governments, whether it is an imperial or a feudal one. China, for example, has an imperial government that is centralized (Scupin 325). It cannot be denied that China, under political circumstances, already has a sense of belonging and expansion of influence (Steger 24). Other countries, for the same matter, have feudal societies and tribes that already have a systematized government, possibly ethnic or tribal to a certain extent (Nye 162). Identification is present. These established governments are already propagating a sense of identity. Intervention came from the Western countries since they are forwarding a certain pol itical ideology on their part (Nye 163). This would only mean that the West tries to manipulate the identity of the people in these countries to ensure that they are adherent to the conventions, which are in favour of the Western people. One cannot deny that governments have changed and wars between the colonizers and the colonized burst out due to an assertion of independence and self – governance. In terms of economics, identity is indeed affected. Trading happened between countries of the West and Asia. Cultural exchange is one of the crucial things that must be considered (Steger 24). Upon the exchange of goods and technology, one cannot neglect that there will be

The Human Population Explosion on a Finite Planet Essay

The Human Population Explosion on a Finite Planet - Essay Example The exponential growth of the world’s population is a fact that is undisputed by many scholars concerned with the ecological support the world can comfortably offer, which has created a growing concern about whether the world can eventually support future generations given that the population has shown no signs of declining (Hauser, 1979). Currently, the world’s population stands at more than 7 billion and it is expected to hit a higher record because the populations in the developing world are still growing at very high rates since people their people have not been exposed to family control methods that are, currently being used in the developed world. One of the reasons that have contributed to this is the lack of education that has led to higher levels of illiteracy. Therefore, it is, undoubtedly the world’s population would hit the expected 9 billion mark by 2050 (Meyer & Turner, 1992). Safety has become a major challenge today due to human encroachment on unsafe areas that have often led to the loss of life and property. For instance, human beings have encroached areas prone to floodplains and tsunamis, and this has caused a number of loss of lives whenever catastrophes have struck. Most of these areas, which were 30 years ago sparsely populated have now registered a high number of people due to human encroachment (Hauser, 1979). Moreover, because land has become a scarce resource people have now moved to occupy lands that were formerly being used for agriculture. All these has been attributed lar to population explosion, which has seen many people moving to urban areas due to rural-urban migration. This has reduced the population that was actively engaged in farming and thus leading to the food shortage in some parts of the world (Bouvier & Bertrand, 1999).

What Role do Midwives Play in Supporting and Advising Women about the Research Paper

What Role do Midwives Play in Supporting and Advising Women about the Risk of Smoking During Pregnancy - Research Paper Example Though it is supposed that the role of midwives is limited to childbirth but this modern world has changed the role and responsibilities of midwives all over the UK. For instance, many of the midwives are now actively playing their role in health promotion. In fact, midwives are now taking health promotion more seriously as along with managing ill health and disease they also inform women about the ways to keep them healthy. Though the midwife has always been playing an important role in public health now it is important for them to divert their attention to teenage pregnancy, drug awareness, domestic violence and smoking cessation (Beldon et al, 2005). Here, you can easily see that the role of midwives is quite extensive but the help these midwives provide pertaining to smoking recession is remarkable. It is well-known fact that smoking is injurious to health and no one can deny this reality. But, the health implications of smoking can be even critical during the pregnancy. The worst thing is that smoking can not only hurt pregnant women but it is also perilous to the health of the unborn baby. Actually, it is said that baby smokes when a pregnant woman does that. As she inhales carbon monoxide and nicotine during smoking, the growing baby suffers as these substances are nothing less than poison. It doesn’t allow a baby to get enough oxygen or food. Smoking for pregnant women increases the chance of miscarriage. In addition to this, the chances of a baby coming into this world too soon will also be there. In this situation, the weight of a baby will always be on the lower side, giving rise to a lot of health issues. For these children, it becomes difficult to stay away from asthma or lung problem as they grow old (Smoking During Pregnancy). These are few of the issues associated with the smoking during pregnancy but it is a fact that lots of women don’t become able to quit smoking during pregnancy, even if they want to do so.  Ã‚  

Marketing communications presentation of apple Essay

Marketing communications presentation of apple - Essay Example Organizations that capitalize on customers' active participation in organizational activities can gain competitive advantage through greater sales volume, enhanced operating efficiencies, positive word-of-mouth publicity, reduced marketing expenses, and enhanced customer loyalty (Lovelock & Young, 1979; Reichheld & Sasser, 1990). Channel communications works in a two-way system wherein information transfers to the user and bounces all the way back to the producer (Goldberg & McCalley, 1992). In other words, marketing communications works like a feedback system, which allows company producers to relay information to the customers. In response to the provided information, consumers give certain reactions or behaviors. In this light, the electronic transformation of the services offered by Apple agency will result to better and more efficient and effective customer service system to the clientele. Moreover, the functionality of the online portal for the marketing and advertising needs of the agency will most possibly result to increase customer reach, satisfaction level and return of investment.

MBA Subject Operational Strategies and Change Managmen Case Study

MBA Subject Operational Strategies and Change Managmen - Case Study Example As far as quality is concerned Wace Burgess has an excellent reputation in the market. Its sales figure is also impressive. As a reward for all these things, the company is likely to get a big order from the retail giant Marks & Spencer. Marks & Spencer is one of the leading retailers in the UK. Every weak 21 million people visit M & S store (Marks & Spencer, n.d.). The order from Marks and Spencer is much different from those orders which usually Wace get. Average orders that Wace receive are of 6000 to 8000 sheets. Whereas this order from M & S is expected to be of 600,000 sheets which is much bigger than the average orders (8000 sheets) that Wace normally get. If Wace can successfully meet this huge order of M & S and impress the large retailer with its excellent quality, it would definitely get more orders like this. Wace Burgess should accept this order because this can change the future of the company. Since the company wants to hold its first place in the market and achieve significant future growth, it should accept the order although it might impose a huge pressure on production facilities. There are various short-term risks which are associated with the M & S order. This order is so huge that would create enormous pressure on the production team. As a result quality of the final product for this order might fall. Short term reward is that company use the fact that it has received such a huge order from a company like M & S. Wace Burgess can get some new medium level order by properly presenting the story of M & S order. A medium-term risk would be employee satisfaction which might reduce due to sudden extra work pressure. Some workers might even think of leaving the job. As a result employee turnover might increase. Wace Burgess has created an excellent reputation in the market. It is renowned for its quality. Now, if it fails to deliver the M & S order in time with the required amount it might affect its reputation which it has earned after hard works of so many years. This would be the long-term risk of accepting this huge order.

Karges Coffee Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Karges Coffee Inc - Case Study Example Assuming no changes to the Home Brewer or Office Deluxe unit sales and unit selling prices, and variable costs will remain same for each model with total fixed costs remaining unchanged. The Office Basic sales units if doubled will result in increase in the overall sales volume, contribution margin and profit of the company. Here we see that by just doubling the sales volume units we see a jump in sales value and contribution margin by more than 150% and the profit has grown by more than 200%. These drastic changes in the sales figure and profit is just because of the extra volumes of the Office Basic model. This means that if we sell 60,000 units of Office Basic we are in a profitable position. The sales volume of Office Basic is the highest among the other models which indicates that increasing the production of Office Basic model will generate far more revenues than if we double the other two models. This analysis helps us in analyzing the revenues and profits on changing a single factor such as sales volume units. If an advertising campaign is implemented costing $150,000 to raise overall consumer awareness of the product offerings and to increase sales, the company will have to attain a profit level of $1,530,000 to maintain the same profit percentage. This means that minimum of $500,000 sales is required to compensate for the advertising cost at the same profit level. In the same year maybe we do not receive the benefits in terms of sales revenue and profits but in the long run it may generate benefits. The new advertising campaign instead of being designed to increase total sales volume will focus on getting customers who would purchase the Office Basic model to buy the Office Deluxe model instead with an assumption of no impact on the sales of Home Brewer model. As per the calculations 1,250 customers should purchase Office Deluxe model instead of Office Basic model to cover the advertising costs incurred. The last option for evaluation is if the compan y chooses to add a new product (Office Plus) to its line of brewers targeted at the office use market, it would have to sell a minimum of 3,933 units approximately to justify its addition to the product line next year. This level of sales stated above is just a break-even point for the product. This product will generate additional profits over and above the units mentioned above. I would like to recommend going with the new product Office Plus in an optimistic view that it would start generating sales revenue higher than the current levels and thereby increase the profitability of the company in the long run. This product would also add to the current varieties of product and is a mid-priced product between the Office Basic model and the Office Deluxe model. I would also recommend another alternative of implementing an advertising campaign for initiating the sales of Office Premium model which is comparatively lower than Office Basic model which can result in more profitability as because the Profit/Volume ratio is higher than the other two models. The Profit/Volume ratio of Office Premium model is 0.40. The contribution per unit is also highest among the three products that is $120 which signifies that the variable costs are comparatively low

Nation under God Essay Example for Free

Nation under God Essay The argument regarding the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance is not a new one. In fact, this argument stems from the long standing principle of separation between the church and the state which is embodied in the First Amendment of the United States constitution. Under this principle, the government and the church are to be kept separate from each other. The government is prohibited from encouraging or advancing any of the interests of a single religion. This means that the government cannot promote a single religion or impose upon its people which religion to follow (Clark 1965). It is a blanket prohibition that prevents the government from intervening in the religious beliefs of people. The second aspect of this principle recognizes that the government will invariably have to deal with religious institutions one way or the other (Clark 1965). The doctrine on the separation of church and state therefore also regulates the dealings between the church and state such that there should only be a minimal and incidental interference from the government. This is also known as the rule on excessive entanglement between the church and the state. The problem with the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance is considered as a violation of the doctrine on the separation of the church and state because many religious groups claim that the use of the term God favors the Christian religion which prominently uses the term God for the Supreme Being. Other groups on the other hand argue that the word God as used in the Pledge of Allegiance is not an advancement of the Christian religion but rather an acknowledgment of some higher being that is common to all religions. This short discourse will seek to shed more light on the issue of the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance. The first part will cover the historical background of the insertion of the word God in an attempt to understand the original meaning of the word God as used in the Pledge of Allegiance. The next segments will cover the points of view from the perspective of the state as contrasted to the perspective of the church on the issue. Historical Background of the Insertion of the Word God: There has been a lot of controversy surrounding the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance particularly with its mandatory recitation in the public school classrooms. Most of controversy revolves around the use of the phrase â€Å"under God. † It was not until June 14, 1954 however that this highly contested phrase was inserted (Whitsitt 1896). The original tenor of the pledge of allegiance which was created by Francis Bellamy on September 7, 1892 read as follows: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Historical Changes of the Pledge of Allegiance 1892: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. 1892 to 1923: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. 1923 to 1954: I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. 1954 to Present: I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation under God, indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. The original tenor of the Pledge of Allegiance did not contain any reference to any deity whatsoever. In response to this, the Knights of Columbus of New York City urged the assemblies to insert a reference to a deity since they felt that it was incomplete without one. The deity to which the Knights of Columbus referred to was the same one that was referred to in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address (Whitsitt 1896). The words â€Å"under God† as used in Lincoln’s address, according to the Knights of Columbus, was the most appropriate one to add to the Pledge of Allegiance. It is important to note however that the phrase â€Å"under God† was never contained in the original text of the Gettysburg Address. By April 22 of the year 1951, the Board of Directors of the Knights of Columbus formally adopted a resolution to amend the recitation of Pledge of Allegiance by the members of the Knights of Columbus at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words under God after the words one nation (Whitsitt 1896). It was not long before the whole organization had adopted the same resolution as the idea spread throughout the other Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution at its annual meeting recommending the that the change in the Pledge of Allegiance be made universal and soon petitions and copies of the resolution were sent to the Office of the President, the Vice President, who was the Presiding Officer of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. While the attempts of the Knights of Columbus were unsuccessful, they were able to convince a majority of the relevance of inserting such a phrase and soon the movement began to gain momentum (Whitsitt 1896). It was not until Senator Homer Ferguson who in his report to the United States Congress on March 10, 1954 that the movement had begun to make significant progress. In this privileged speech, Senator Ferguson said, The introduction of this joint resolution was suggested to me by a sermon given recently by the Rev. George M. Docherty, of Washington, D. C. , who is pastor of the church at which Lincoln worshipped. By this time Congress concurred with the Oakman-Ferguson resolution, and Eisenhower opted to sign the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954. The rationale for the approval and adoption of the phrase â€Å"under God† was clarified by President Eisenhower in a letter which he wrote in August of 1954 (Bradley 1996). These words [â€Å"under God†] will remind Americans that despite our great physical strength we must remain humble. They will help us to keep constantly in our minds and hearts the spiritual and moral principles which alone give dignity to man, and upon which our way of life is founded. This was actually taken from the sermon of Docherty to which President Eisenhower had taken a great interest in (Whitsitt 1896). It was eventually published by Harper Bros. in New York in 1958 and President Eisenhower took the opportunity to write to Dr. Docherty with gratitude for the opportunity to once again read the fateful sermon. Finally, on Flag Day, June 14, 1954, Congress passed the legislation that add the phrase under God to the Pledge of Allegiance. At this point, it can be argued that the insertion of the word God into the Pledge of Allegiance was actually motivated by some religious influence, particularly the Christian religion. In order to have a better understanding of the issue at hand however it is important to briefly examine the import of the doctrine of the Separation of the Church and the State. Doctrine of the Separation of Church and State: The phrase, â€Å"separation of Church and State†, is actually from a letter that was written by one of the founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson, to a group that called themselves the Danbury Baptists. In the letter, Thomas Jefferson wrote that, â€Å"I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church and State. † This was of course in reference to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution (Whitsitt 1896). The basic precept of this doctrine is founded on a firm belief that religion and state should be separate. It covers a very wide spectrum, as mentioned in the previous sections of this discussion, ranging from the secularization or elimination of the church to theocracy wherein the state works in tandem with a religion in order to govern over the acts of people (Bradley 1996). The Secularist Perspective: The secularist perspective is that the state should be kept distant from religion and that, in the same vein, the religious institutions should also be free from any governmental interferences. This follows the second aspect of the Doctrine of the Separation of Church and State that dictates that there should be no entanglement between the Church and the State (Bradley 1996). In this perspective, the government is prohibited from citing the authority or influence of a specific religious institution for the justification of its authority (Bradley 1996). While there are some governments that claim religious justifications for their powers such as the Muslim states, the justification for such is based on the emphasis of the relationship for ceremonial and rhetorical purposes only. The acts done by the government are not meant to further the cause of any single religion but are actually for the general welfare and the benefit of the state. The state therefore does not conform to any particular religious doctrine but in fact caters to its own doctrine as mandated by the will of the people and of the Constitution (Clark 1965). Acts such as exemptions from taxation or providing funds for education and charities, though viewed as supporting religion, are in fact welfare based or â€Å"faith based† according to secularists. This reflects the view that temporal authority and spiritual authority should properly operate in complimentary spheres. The spheres where they overlap such as in moral values or property rights are areas where neither should take authority over the other but should instead offer a framework in which society can work these issues out without subjugating a religion to the state or vice versa (Bradley 1996).

Americans and Cinema Essay Example for Free

Americans and Cinema Essay Despite America as a country encompassing by different cultures and ethnic background, the historical significance of the American Indians are still unfelt and given recognition in the modern times. (Martin) In the United States and in Canada, the term Indians has established a connotation of some hegemonic designation which implies a culture that is very different from the perspective of the American Indians. In modern times, Native Americans are depicted as a culture with savage and barbaric background, implying an image of the Native Americans as dangerous and unacceptable to behavior of European decent. (Drinnon) American Indians today are struggling to correct the misconception about their culture, they seek to achieve a balanced and truthful portrayal of the people who were first to call America as their home. In the media, the Indians were portrayed as mostly villains with unacceptable behavior. The availability of the casting roles for Native Americans has been prioritized for the Westerns and has this stereotyped image that is always shown in films and movies. In the movies, there are four distinct tribes of native Americans used to be portrayed, the Apache, Cheyenne, Comanche and Sioux. During the 1950’s and through the 1960’s however, there were more sympathetic native characters that even American Indians get to act by themselves. Jeff Chandler is one who won the Academy Award for his portrayal of an Apache leader in the movie Broken Arrow. (Singer) During the 1970’s when the Vietnam War erupted, the country was greatly divided by social opinions by the war and this has seen the opportunity for the movie industry to highlight a more culturally inclined film. Little Big Man produced in 1970 featured Dan George as a Native American chief as a main character. (Singer) However, it was Dustin Hoffman who received the most attention for his role as the lead protagonist. The movie became a breakthrough film as it features a Native American as a lead character. During the 1960’s on the other hand, when the U. S has many upheavals form antiwar protests and civil rights issues, the Native Americans saw this as an opportunity to raise awareness of the people regarding destructive colonial policies that in their own culture brought harm. A group called the American Indian Movement (AIM) led the protests in front of theaters which depicted the Native Americans wrongly. Commercialized films mentioned are A Man Called Horse and Soldier Blue (both in1970) and Billy Jack in 1971. (Bataille) Another breakthrough portrayal of Native Americans came forth in the release of Dances with Wolves in 1990. (Singer) The movie starred Kevin Costner and included many actors and props to make the setting early western looking. There include buffalos, Indians and horses in the plains of South Dakota, the homeland of the Sioux. The film upheld original Native American tradition, from the language, features of the actors, behavior and others. Dances with Wolves has repeated the painful endurance of the Native Americans, as once again, the culture and tradition of the native settlers were resigned in defeat from the colonial powers. (Singer) Modern society today are confined with knowing what almost everybody knows about the Native Indians; barbaric and unusual. There are many accounts of growing children that has suffered the misconception of cowboys chasing the Indians. (Freeman) There are many stereotypes for the American Indians; from costumes, head dress, dances and chants. However, there lies the failure to realize that the message to children who has this misconception is an implicit disagreement to the real culture and background of the Native Americans. Most of what children today know about the American Indians is brought about by history books and other things they learn about in history that is why there are many stereotypes attached to the culture. Two predominant stereotypes of Native Americans is their physical appearance; moccasin-wearing people with feathers on their head, and second; powerless cultures defeated by the white man’s weapon. (Freeman) With regards to personal traits, Native Americans are viewed by non-natives as savage or wild, lazy, gets drunk quickly or drinks a lot, very soft spoken or quiet, and has no sense of humor. Other misconceptions also entails Native Americans having no money sense, makes little effort to get education, close to nature, adheres strictly to Indian time, and do handcrafts all the time. More over, in terms of how they view society, Native Americans are often misunderstood as a culture who wants their land back badly, always asks for handouts, ostracize themselves by avoiding the society, lack of unity and tribal factionalism and worship pagans as a consequence to being very close to nature. (nativeamericans) The Native Americans has endured a lot during the past years. As they continue to struggles against discrimination and the stereotypes attached to their name, it is very important for the modern society to also do the needed research and understanding of the real Native Americans. It is not enough that we rely on the portrayal of the Native Americans in movies or history books; we must get to know them as a culture, as a community who has always struggled to maintain and uphold their own identity in a nation that has truly forgotten their significance. Works Cited: Bataille, Gretchen M. and Charles Silet. The Pretend Indians: Images of Native Americans in the Movies. Ames: Iowa State UP 1980. Berkhofers, Robert. The White Mans Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present New York: Vintage, 1979.Drinnon, Richard. Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire Building. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980. Freeman, Andrea. Representing Native Cultures: Stereotypes and Inaccuracies in First Nations and American Indian Children’s Literature. Term Paper. Vancouver, BC Canada. Martin, Calvin, ed. The American Indian and the Problem of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Native America: Portrait of the People. (1994). nativeamericans. American Indians. (2007). January 25 http://www. nativeamericans. com/index. htm. Singer, Beverly R. Native Americans and Cinema: Native Americans in Movies. (2007). January 24 http://www. filmreference. com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Native-Americans-and-Cinema-NATIVE-AMERICANS-IN-MOVIES. html. Thomas, Jeffrey. American Indians Seek Greater Understanding, Recognition. USINFO. 18 October ed: U. S Department of States Bureau of International Informational Programs, 2007.

Impact of Audit Quality of Real Earnings Management

Impact of Audit Quality of Real Earnings Management Abstract This study aims to evaluate the influence of audit quality (auditor size and auditor tenure), political connection, and institutional ownership toward real earnings management. Purposive sampling was conducted and 83 manufacturing companies registered in Indonesian Stock Exchange during 2010-2014 were acquired as the samples. For testing the hypotheses, panel data regression random effect model was used. The results showed that auditor size and institutional ownership had positive influence toward real earnings management, while audit tenure and political connections did not influence real earnings management. The control variable testing showed that   leverage and loss had negative influence toward real earnings management, while cash ratio had positive effect towards real earnings management. These result have implication for the investors to pay attention to operating cash flow average, because there is still a possibility of real earnings management, although the company audito rs were from the big-4 auditors. Keywords: real earnings management, audit quality, auditor size, audit tenure, political connections, institutional ownership.. INTRODUCTION Managers can apply accrual earnings management and real earnings management to achieve the desired profit (Fisher and Rosenzwig, 1995; Roychowdhury, 2006). The real earnings management is impose bigger long-term costs, because it has negative consequences toward future cash flow which reduce firm value (Roychowdhury, 2006; Cohen et al., 2008; Cohen and Zarowin, 2010). Graham et al., (2005) and Cohen et al., (2007) clarify that the reasons why a company using real earnings management is to avoid auditors and regulators detection. The real earnings management is more difficult to detect because it is almost similar to a companys operational activity (Kim et al, 2010). Becker et al. (1998); Johnson et al.( 2002); Balsam et al.,(2003); Chen et al. (2011), and Inaam et al. (2012)   showed that audit quality (auditor size and auditor tenure) reduce accrual earnings management. Therefore, companies that want to conduct earnings management will shift from accrual earnings management to real earnings management (Chi et al., 2011). Auditor size positively affect real earnings management (Chi et al., 2011; Inaam et al., 2012). Meanwhile, Nihlati and Meiranto (2014) showed that the auditors size negatively impact real earnings management. Chi et al. (2010) found that auditor tenure had positive influence toward real earnings management. While Inaam et al.(2012), Herusetya and Pujilestari (2013) found that auditor tenure did not affect real earnings management. Inaam et al., (2012) conducted a research about the influence of audit quality toward the real earnings management in Tunisia and suggested that the future research can include political connection and institutional ownership as independent variables. Pollitically connected companies have bad reporting quality (Chaney et al., 2010). Meanwhile, Batta et al. (2014) found that political connection positively affect the reporting quality. The phenomena of pollitically connected companies in Indonesia is state-owned enterprises became disorganized after were interfered by political parties (Muqoddas, 2012). Indonesian Corruption Watch data showed that there were 48 legislators who were entrepreneurs that were exposed for corruption case (Gabrillin, 2014). Shleifer Vishny (1986); Bathala et al. (1994); Velury Jenkins (2006); Mehrani et al. (2016) showed that institutional ownership reduce accrual earnings management. The institutional investors monitoring toward managerial process and accounting information accuracy are stronger. For avoiding detection by the institutional investors, companies will shift from accrual earnings management to real earnings management. The aim of this research is to evaluate the influence of audit quality, political connection and institutional ownership toward real earnings management. This study contributes in adding political connection and institutional ownerships as independent variables, as suggested by Inaam et al. (2012). Up to now, studies about real earnings management in Indonesia are rarely conducted and, if any, they have not correlated political connection and institutional ownerships toward the real earnings management study yet, so this study will fill in that gap. As the structure of this paper, literature review and hypotheses development will be discussed on the next part. The research method will be discussed in the third section. This is followed by result and discussion and the final section concludes the study. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT Auditor Size and Real Earnings Management Earnings management can be applied through accrual and real activities (Roychowdhury, 2006; Zang, 2007; Cohen and Zarowin, 2010). The methods of real earnings managements are sale manipulation, overproduction, and reducing discretionary expenses (Roychowdhury, 2006). DeAngelo (1981), Becker et al. (1998) and Krisnan (2003) found that big size auditors   have better audit quality   than small auditors.   The Big-4 auditors is considered to be more competent than the non Big-4 auditors if seen from their education, training, and experience (Amijaya and Prastiwi, 2013), their independencies (Zou and Elder, 2003) and their good reputation (Christiani and Nugrahanti, 2014). Big-4 auditors competency will ease the earnings management detection. Therefore, companies tend to choose real earnings management, so it will be more difficult to be identified. Cohen and Zarowin (2010), Chi et al. (2011), Inaam et al. (2012) found out that auditor size positively influences real earnings manag ement. H1: Auditor size has positive influence toward real earnings management. Auditor tenure and Real Earnings Management Auditor tenure is the number of years of an auditor being assigned by a company (Myers et al., 2003). The longer engagement duration, the higher auditors knowledge about that company, so it ease in detecting earnings management (Giri, 2010). The company will shift from accrual earnings management to real earnings management so that it will not be detected easily. The real earnings management tends to be out of the auditors supervision (Chi et al., 2011) and it will be hard to detect because it is almost the same as companys daily operational activity (Kim et al., 2010). Cohen and Zarowin (2010) and Chi et al. (2011) found that auditor tenure has positive influence toward real earnings management. H2: Auditor tenure has positive influence toward real earnings management. Political Connection and Real Earnings Management A company can be called politically connected if the biggest shareholder (has minimum 10% of voting rights) or top officers serves as the parliamenterian, minister, or has close relation with a politician or political party (Faccio, 2006). A company which has political connection will get the benefit such as capital allocation (Fisman, 2001; Goldman et al.,2010), better business opportunities (Fisman, 2001), and bailouts from the government (Faccio et al., 2006). If a company is not able to maintain its reputation and profit, It will loose special previlege from political connection (Braam et al., 2015). For increasing their performance, the companies tend to perform real earnings management. Earnings management detection would lead decreasing in companys reputation, increasing in political cost and the companys external interventions (Watss and Zimerman, 1990; Faccio, 2006; Ramanna and Roychowdhury, 2010; Kothari, 2012). For avoiding that detection, the company will shift the accrual earnings management to real earnings management. Chaney et al.,   (2011) found out that politically connected companies tend to conduct earnings management. H3: Political connection has positive influence toward real earnings management. Institutional Ownership and Real Earnings Management Institutional investors generally have a big number of shares, so they carry out strict monitoring to the companies performance and   companies information quality (Velury and Jenkins, 2006; Pound, 1988; Shleifer and Vishny, 1986). Bushee (1998) and Potter (1992) found out that institutional investors were too focus on the short-term performance, so they force the managers to achieve that short-term profit. For improving their performance and for avoiding the detection from institutional investors , the managers will prefer real earnings management than accrual earnings management. H4: Institutional ownership has positive influence toward real earnings management. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Samples and Source of Data This study used the manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2010-2014 periods. The criteria for purposive sampling method are the companies published annual report sequentially during that periods and the annual reports were finished on the December 31st. There were 83 companies were selected as the samples, so there were 415 firm year observations. The annual reports acquired from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. The political connection data were acquired from (1) annual report and tracing down the Board of Directors and Board of Commissioners biography from the sites in Google, (2) the Indonesian Republic National Portalwebsite (indonesia.go.id), the Indonesian Republic House of Representative website (www.dpr.go.id), and Tokoh Indonesia Indonesian Leaders (www.tokohindonesia.com). Variables Real Earnings Management (Dependent Variable) Abnormal Cash flow from operation will be used as proxy of real earnings management. When the companies apply real earnings management, the average of   CFO will be negative (Roychowdhury, 2006; Chi et al., 2011., Inaam et al., 2012 and Ratmono, 2010). CFOt= operating cash flow of company i in year t At-1= the total asset of company i in t-1 year St= the total sales of company i during year t ÃŽÂ µt= abnormal cash flow from operation (regression residual, real earnings management proxies, REM) Independent Variables Political connection, auditor size, auditor tenure and institutional ownership are the independent variables. Table 1: Independent Variables Measurement Independent Variables Measurement Political Connection ( Political connection variable will be measured by calculating the number of Board of Directors and Board of Commissioners, both the chiefs and the members who are also the House of Representative members, ministers or vice ministers, or related to prominent politicians and political party members (Braam et al., 2015) Auditor size (AUDSIZE) A Dummy variable, 1 if the firm was audited by a Big 4 auditor, 0 otherwise (Chi et al., 2011; Inaam et al., 2012.,Christiani and Nugrahanti, 2014). Auditor Tenure (TENURE) The number of engagement years or auditing period assigned in which the auditors from the same Public Accountant Firm conduct audit engagement to the auditee during 2010-2014 periods (Chi et al., 2011; Inaam et al., 2012) Institutional Ownership (INSTOWN) The percentage of shares owned by the institutional investors (Velury Jenkins, 2006; Mehrani et al., 2016; Wiranata and Nugrahanti.,2013) Control Variables Leverage, company loss and cash ratio were used as control variables in this study. Leverage/ LEV (the total debt/ the total asset) positively influence the REM (Herusetya and Pujiletari, 2013). The loss of the company is measured using a dummy variable, 1 if company has net loss and 0 otherwise (Herusetya and Pujilestari, 2013). One of the reasons why a company applies real earnings management is to cover up the company loss (Roychowdhury, 2006). Cash ratio (CCE) is the ratio of the cash and cash equivalents toward the total asset (Herusetya and Pujilestari, 2013). The higher CCE ratio, the faster companys cash flow, so it will ease the manager in utilizing the available cash to have earnings management (Herusetya and Pujilestari, 2013). Regression Model Panel data regression analysis was chosen to perform the hypotheses testing because this study used data combination of time series and data cross section (Winarno, 2015). Hypotheses H1, H2, H3, H4 and control variable in this study will be tested using empirical model as follows: RESULT AND DISCUSSION Descriptive Statistics Table 2 below showed descriptive statistics used in this study. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics (Pooled Sample, n= 415) Variable Mean Maximum Minimum Std .Deviation REM -0.006352 0.659900 -1.217470 0.188328 POLCN 0.245783 2 0 0.468655 AUDSIZE (dummy variable) 1 0 0.485552 TENURE 2.554217 5 1 1.381844 INSTOWN(%) 70.4841 100 0 19.61332 LEV 0.470906 4.189190 0.000265 0.321157 LOSS (dummy variable) 1 0 0.339475 CASH 0.102345 0.500295 0.000078 0.122287 From 415 firm years, 157 companies (37.8%) used the big-4 auditors and 258 companies (62.2%) used the Non-Big 4 auditors. Besides, there were 55 companies (13.3%) reported a loss. Real Earnings Management (REM) Testing Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was conducted to confirm whether REM are validly applied in the sample companies.   The result of this test are presented in appendix 1. If the average abnormal CFO was negative, the companies were assumed to apply REM in operating cash flow (Oktorina Hutagaol,2008). The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Testing result showed that the mean of abnormal CFO was -0.006352 and its significance value was 0.046, so it was confirmed that those companies applied REM through operating cash flow. Panel data Model Testing Chow Test and Hausman Test for determining the appropriate estimation method were presented in appendix 2. Based on the Chow Test and Hausman Test results, the estimation method applied in this study was panel data regression using random effect model. Hypotheses Testing The results of hypotheses testing using panel data regression random effect model within 5% alpha level were presented in Table 3. Table 3 Hypotheses Testing Results Variable Expected sign Coefficient Probability Conclusion Intercept -0.077146 0.0997 AUDSIZE + 0.084373 0.0031*** H1 accepted TENURE + -0.008594 0.0968 H2 rejected POLCN + 0.001902 0.9380 H3 rejected INSTOWN + 0.001100 0.0372** H4 accepted LEV + -0.075769 0.0071*** LOSS + -0.067431 0.0083*** CASH + 0.268174 0.0043*** Dependent variable        Real earnings management (REM) R-squared                           0.119266 Adjusted R-squared 0.104118 F-statistic                           7.873503 Prob(F-statistic)              0.000000 **significant on alpha 5% ***significant on alpha 1% Auditor Size and Real Earnings Management The H1 testing shows that auditor size positively influence REM. This result is in line with Chi et al. (2010), Cohen and Zarowin (2010), Inaam et al. (2012), Nihlati and Meiranto (2014). The big-4 auditors are assumed to have better skills compared to non big-4 auditors, regarding from their educational backgrounds, trainings, and experiences (Amijaya and Prastiwi, 2013), their independencies (Zou and Elder, 2003) and their good reputation (Christiani and Nugrahanti, 2014).   The big-4skills will ease the auditors in detecting the accrual earnings management. Hence, companies will cover up the earnings management from the   auditors and prefer to apply real earnings management. Real earnings management is harder to be identified than accrual earnings management since it is almost the same as the companies daily operational activity (Kim et al., 2010, Graham et al., 2005; Gunny, 2010; Badertscher, 2011). Auditor tenure and Real Earnings Management The H2 testing result shows that auditor tenure did not had an effect toward REM. This result consistent with Inaam et al.(2012), Herusetya and Pujilestari (2013), Nihlati and Meiranto (2014). Gul et al. (2009) categorized the audit placement period into three categories, the short term (2-3 years), medium term (4-8 years), and long term (9 years).   Table 2 show that auditor tenure average is 2.5 years, and the short auditor tenure had not been able to influence real earnings management. By limiting auditor tenure, there will be a gap between the auditor and the company. In order to verify a company, auditors had to identify in advance the companies characteristics and managements, and it usually took quite a long time (Kono and Yuyetta, 2013). Amijaya and Prastiwi (2013) stated that why audit tenure did not have any influence toward earnings management was the auditors incapability in identifying earnings management. Political Connection and Real Earnings Management Based on Table 3, it can be seen that political connection did not had an effect toward REM. This result is in contrast with Braam et al. (2015). Political connection did not had an effect toward real earnings management because the numbers of political connections in the samples was few, which was 27.71% (23 out of 83 companies). There were only one person in board of directors and board of commissioners that were involved in political connection, so political connections did not influence real earnings management. Institutional Ownerships and Real Earnings Management The H4 testing result indicates that institutional ownerships positively influence REM. The institutional ownerships mean was 70.48%. Institutional investors who had a big number of shares will strictly monitor companys performance and companys information quality (Velury and Jenkins, 2006; Pound, 1988; Shleifer and Vishny, 1986). The strict monitoring made the companies that want to apply earnings management shift from accrual earnings management to real earnings management. Institutional investors were too focus on short term performance, so they urged the managers to fulfill that short term profit (Bushee,1998; Potter, 1992). For increasing their performance and for avoiding institutional investors detection, the managers would prefer real earnings management to accrual earnings management. Leverage, Company Loss, Cash Ratio and Real Earnings Management The testing results of control variables show that leverage negatively influenced REM. If a company has high levels of debts, it has to pay principal and high debt interest. The obligatory of those payments limit managers in using cash flow, including for real earnings management (Zamri et al.,2013).The company loss negatively influences REM. This finding is in line with Herusetya and Pujilestari (2013) and Roychowdhury (2006). When the company reported positive earnings, the company was assumed that they were covering up the loss through REM. If the company reported negative earnings, the company would be assumed that they did not apply REM, and the company was considered to not cover up the loss (Herusetya and Pujilestari, 2013). Cash ratio positively influence REM. The higher cash ratio, the better companys liquidity, so it would ease the managers in utilizing the provided cash for real earnings management (Herusetya and Pujilestari, 2013). CONCLUSION Although a study about audit quality and real earnings management has been conducted before, this study contributes in adding new independent variables, which are political connection and institutional ownerships. The testing results show that the auditor size and institutional ownerships can increase real earnings management. Meanwhile, audit tenure and political connection do not influence real earnings management. The testing toward control variables showed that leverage and company loss negatively influence real earnings management, while cash ratio had positive influence. The applied implication of these result is the investors need to see the operating cash flow average , because there is still a possibility of real earnings management, although the company auditors were from the big-4 auditors. The limitation of this study was a few number data of political connection although depth investigation had been carried out by looking at the name of legislative members/ ministers and vice ministers/ kinships to members of political parties. For the future study, the political connection criteria can be added by including the Indonesia National Forces retirees or ministry officials (for example the secretary general, directorate general, staff member of ministry, assistance of ministry). The future study may also add corporate governance mechanism as independent variables, such as managerial ownerships, auditing committee, and independent board of commissioners. REFERENCES Amijaya, M, D., Prastiwi, A., 2013. The impact of audit quality towards earnings management. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting 2 (3), 1-13. Ahsen, H., 2011. Audit firm industry specialization and audit outcomes: insights from academic literature. Research in Accounting Regulation 23 (1), 114-129. Badertscher, B.A., 2011. Overvaluation and choice of alternative earnings management  mechanisms. The Accounting Review 86 (5), 1491-1518. Balsam, S., Krishnan, J., Young, J., 2003. Auditor industry specialization and earnings quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory 22 (2), 71-97. Bathala, C. T., Moon, K. P.,   Rao, R.P., 1994. Managerial ownership, debt policy, and impact of institutional holdings: an agency perspective. Financial Management 23 (3), 38-50. 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Biography of Toulouse Lautrec :: essays research papers

Artist Biography and Painting Critique Henri-Marie-Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa, commonly known as Toulouse Lautrec, was born on November 24th, 1864. He lived out the entirety of his life in France, and died on September 9th, 1901. Born into a family of noble but inbred blood, he had inherently frail bones, and after a series of horrendous accidents, was crippled for life. During his recovery from one such accident, he discovered his love and talent for drawing and painting. He spent a considerable amount of time in Fernand Gormon's studio, and met with Vincent Van Gogh. He also visited many locations Van Gogh has worked at. They were both of the pre-impressionistic era. Lautrec's body of work often featured scenes from brothels. He was well respected for his art at the time of his death. Lautrec's Papa Chrysantheme, painted in 1893, features three female figures on a brown, cardboard-like background. Two images of ladys in flowing, form fitting dresses are viewed from behind in the foreground, in between which is a woman who appears to be in the center of a stage, on a pedestal. She is leaning backwards, her skirt flayed out behind her. The audience is a blackish-purple shadow surrounding the murky green pedestal, the three female bodies outlined in white, red, and yellow shaded slashes. All three are vague forms, with no faces or details. Dashy, erratic lines create a sense of movement, a flurry of motion which the female dancers are creating as the twirl eroticly in their dresses. Their flesh is the color of the background - speckled yellow-brown. This and purple are the main colors in the painting, the one's you notice first. The painting is entirely earthy, natural tones, very expressive of the flourishing movement and erotic dancing Lautrec is trying to cap ture. The incomplete outlines of the body create a frenzied appearance, a fluid rather than

What a Home Really is in The House on Mango Street Essay -- The House

What a Home Really is in The House on Mango Street â€Å"Home is where the heart is.† In The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros develops this famous statement to depict what a â€Å"home† really represents. What is a home? Is it a house with four walls and a roof, the neighborhood of kids while growing up, or a unique Cleaver household where everything is perfect and no problems arise? According to Cisneros, we all have our own home with which we identify; however, we cannot always go back to the environment we once considered our dwelling place. The home, which is characterized by who we are, and determined by how we view ourselves, is what makes every individual unique. A home is a personality, a depiction of who we are inside and how we grow through our life experiences. In her personal, Cisneros depicts Esperanza Cordero’s coming-of-age through a series of vignettes about her family, neighborhood, and personalized dreams. Although the novel does not follow a traditional chronological pattern, a sto ry emerges, nevertheless, of Esperanza’s search to discover the meaning of her life and her personal identity. The novel begins when the Cordero family moves into a new house, the first they have ever owned, on Mango Street in the Latino section of Chicago. Esperanza is disappointed by the â€Å"small and red† house â€Å"with tight steps in front and bricks crumbling in places† (5). It is not at all the dream-house her parents had always talked about, nor is it the house on a hill that Esperanza vows to one day own for herself. Despite its location in a rough neighborhood and difficult lifestyle, Mango Street is the place with which she identifies at this time in her life. While growing up on Mango Street, Esperanza is not on... ..., â€Å"Mango says goodbye sometimes. She does not hold me with both arms. She sets me free† (134). Although Esperanza is constantly reaffirming that she wants to move away from Mango Street, we know by the end novel that she will one day return to help those who will not have the opportunities Esperanza has had in her life. Indeed, in the closing pages Esperanza admits that she cannot escape Mango Street. She can never again call it home, but it has influenced her dreams, formed her personality, and she has learned valuable life lessons from its inhabitants. That is why, explains Esperanza, she tells stories about the house on Mango Street, revealing the beauty amidst dirty streets and unveiling her true inner self, the peace of knowing that her â€Å"home is where her heart is.† WORKS CITED Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Vintage, 1989.

Information processing and cognitive development Essay -- essays resea

Information Processing and Cognitive Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Information processing is a perspective (approach) to the study of cognition and cognitive development in which the mind is likened to a computer. However, rather than focusing on mere input and output, psychologists who adhere to this approach place specific emphasis on the processes of cognitive development. Cognitive perspectives examine development in terms of mental processing. The two major views within this subject are cognitive developmental theory and information processing theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theorists claim that our cognitive processes are like that of a computer. They have used this as a model to break down the process of the human thinking processes and cognitive performance. When you receive some stimuli through your senses, your brain puts this information into the sensory store. Then the information is placed into short term memory. If the information is not encoded from short term memory to long term memory, the information is lost. However, once in long term memory the information is ready for retrieval (Cook). It is important to understand some of the key assumptions of this approach, including the emphasis on, the role of the knowledge base in cognitive development; the conceptualization of thinking as involving distinct processes executed over time, and the ways in which change in the system can occur (Miller).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a fact th...

Reduce Energy Demand By Utilising Passivhaus Technologies Engineering Essay

The Christophorus House is a multi-purpose office edifice with low energy emanations. Situated in Austria it was built in 2003, the chief intent of building for this edifice was to develop a undertaking that demonstrated the capablenesss of ecological H2O and energy supply systems. The edifice consists of 1,215 mA? work topographic point for 40 individuals. The staying edifice country is used for parking of the company ‘s autos and cellar. The edifice has a cellar, a land floor and two upper floors. The chief construction is wooden frame. Architectural Concepts of Building The chief aim of the design was to cut down energy demand by using passivhaus engineerings. Equally good that the design of the edifice will let for energy to be generated from renewable beginnings such as deep sonds. The edifice layout is round, divided into two chief subdivisions. The first subdivision is four narratives high with a glass dome in the Centre that is used to convey natural visible radiation into the chief atrium. The 2nd portion of the edifice is where the works and equipment is housed. The unit of ammunition form of the edifice enables for the usage of engineered lumber that is designed to forestall heat losingss. Due to the nature of the frame used the covering walls do non transport any weight. The form besides allows twenty-four hours light to be used this really advantageous because it makes it possible to hold deeper office infinites than if the edifice was a regular form. The steering rules of optimised ecological energy usage were the chief influence on architecture. The edifice burden of 4 narratives of an office edifice is carried by a wood construction. Round columns made out of miscellaneous natural rounded short pantss alternatively of expensive and energy devouring Multi-Layer wood. The weight of the floors is brought into the wooden construction without steel-connectors. Energy Conveying Systems Main engineering for heating Deep Sonds, Heat Pump Main engineering for chilling Water Carried Systems, Deep Sonds, Night Ventilation Air carried systems Hygienic Air Ventilation Energy distribution Heating And Cooling Panels, Floor Heating Heating System The interior decorators of this green edifice established that office edifices energy ingestion come from visible radiation, air conditioning and computing machine. The energy ingestion is driven by chiefly by two factors, foremost the figure of electronic devices used in offices and user comfort in the office edifice such as temperature, day-light, light and quality of air. The determination was to hold an energy supply system that used renewable energy beginnings and was cost effectual. As a consequence a monovalent system for both heat and chilling supply as show in the illustration below. The warming system is design decreased energy demand to passivhaus criterions, with the staying energy demand recovered from renewable beginnings such as deep sonds. The warming systems are supplied with H2O heated by a heat pump which uses H2O circulated through pipes in deep boreholes. To back up this system the warming that is required per hr to heat suites was reduced through the usage of high degree insularity and limited glazing countries accordingly cut downing heating ingestion to 15 kWh/mA? . In add-on to that infiltration losingss were reduced by planing for an air stringency of 0.6 ach at 50 Pa. the warming is supplied utilizing an air distribution system and ceiling panels in the office and seminar suites, was supplemented by underfloor warming in the atrium country. Ventilation and Cooling System In summer, chilling is provided by go arounding this H2O through the ceiling panels and heat money changers in the air supply system. Extra decrease in peak summer temperatures is achieved by utilizing high thermic mass in the inside of the edifice and night-time natural airing. However the chief chilling construct for this inactive office edifice is the application of deep sonds. The temperature of the H2O, which is lead to the water-circulated Earth heat money changer is evened out and is comparatively stable in comparing to the fluctuations in outside temperature. The office and seminar suites are each served by a balanced mechanical airing system ( see ) Figure 4 providing 2 800 mA?/h and 1 000 mA?/h severally. Each system is fitted with a rotary heat money changer with efficiencies of 78 % and 86 % severally. The seminar suites are equipped with CO2 detectors which allow the supply to be regulated to guarantee that concentration does non transcend 1 000 ppm. Extra chilling is provided at dark by natural stack airing through automatically controlled blowholes. In combination with the internal thermic mass, this aids in cut downing the chilling burden. This chilling construct is supported by a natural air flow through the atrium during the dark. The watercourse of air is the consequence of the difference in denseness of the warm interior air and the cold air outside every bit good as from the cross subdivision country of the recess and mercantile establishment gaps3.3 Passive chillingDeep sondesThe chief chilling construct for this inactive office edifice is the application of deep sonds. The temperature of the H2O, which is lead to the water-circulated Earth heat money changer is evened out and is comparatively stable in comparing to the fluctuations in outside temperature. Deep sonds are used both for the warming and cooling period. They serve as both heat beginning ( heating period ) and chilling beginning ( chilling period ) . The sonds are used as heat beginning for a heat pump ( 43 kilowatt and COP = 4.03 ) during the warming period. Heat is extracted from the land and a good temperature profile is thereby established for the summer chilling period. Figure 3 illustrates the summer and winter state of affairss in the land around the sonds. The energy supply during the winter is coupled with a extremely efficient air airing system with heat recovery. Figure 3: Summer, fall, winter and spring state of affairs for the deep sonds and the Earth environing it. The deep sonds are used as alleged â€Å" direct chilling † . This direct chilling is realised through panels, which are flown through with cold H2O and integrated in the edifice constituents. It is thereby possible to hold a chilling without the application of a compressor chilling machine. The chilling capacity of this constructs is about 25 W/mA? . Figure 4 shows the panels functioning as energy disposal. The same panels are besides applied for the warming system during the heating season. Figure 4: Heating and chilling panels, which are flown with cold H2O ( chilling period ) or warm H2O ( heating period ) , merchandise â€Å" RCS † .Night airingThis chilling construct is supported by a natural air flow through the atrium during the dark. The watercourse of air is the consequence of the difference in denseness of the warm inside air and the cold air outside every bit good as from the cross subdivision country of the recess and mercantile establishment gaps. Figure 5 shows the construct of this inactive chilling for the MIVA office edifice. Figure 5: The air watercourse from deep sonds into the edifice The airing of the office edifice is carried out with the agencies of two separated airing systems with heat recovery systems ( 78 % recovery rate and 2,800 mA?/h nominal air flow ) through a rotary motion heat money changer. The airing of the seminar remises have a 86 % heat recovery and a nominal air flow of 1,000 mA?/h.Storage massThe storage mass of the edifice is the bracing component of the room temperature. The higher the storage mass, the more even are the interior temperatures. The map of the storage mass is based on that the heat, which is gained during one twenty-four hours is stored and so released during the dark. This creates a balance in the room temperature between twenty-four hours and dark. If the storage mass is encircled by cold air during the dark, the chilling consequence can be realised during the undermentioned twenty-four hours. The cooling period at dark should be at least 5 hours to range adequate capacity to take the gained heat. The pre-requisite for an effectual thermic day-night balance is suited stuff with a high thermic conduction and good heat storage capacity ( concrete, heavy-duty walls etc. ) of the building parts foreseen for thermic storage. The upper 10 centimeter in the room are decisive for this consequence. 100 dozenss of storage mass was included in the MIVA edifice.3.5 Application of renewable energy beginningsThe undertaking included alternate ways for the coevals of the electricity demand of the pumps and ventilators. The photovoltaic system has a peak burden of 9.8 kilowatts ( from which 3.6 kWpeak was integrated in the facade and 6,2 kWpeak with an angle of 40A ° on the roof ) , see figure 6. Further, the edifice has a solar thermal system with a aggregator country of 5 mA? , which supply the edifice with domestic hot H2O. In add-on domestic hot H2O is served by 5 mA? solar aggregator. Photovoltaic aggregators on the facade and roof provide 9.8 kWpeak How energy is Used in the Building to ‘passivhaus ‘ criterions, with the staying energy demand covered every bit far as possible from renewable beginnings, while at the same time supplying residents with a high criterion of comfort. Heating tonss were minimized by the usage of a high degree of insularity and limited glazing country with the purpose of cut downing heating ingestion to 15 kWh/mA? . Infiltration losingss were reduced by planing for an air stringency of 0.6 ach at 50 Pa. Heating is supplied utilizing an air distribution system and ceiling panels in the office and seminar suites, supplemented by underfloor warming in the atrium country. The air supply system, incorporates heat recovery in the signifier of air to air heat money changers, with efficiencies in the scope 78 % to 86 % . The warming systems are supplied with H2O heated by a heat pump ( 43 kilowatt ; COP = 4 ) which uses H2O circulated through pipes in deep boreholes as its beginning ( see Figure 2 ) . In summer, chilling is provided by go arounding this H2O through the ceiling panels ( see Figure 3 ) and heat money changers in the air supply system. Extra decrease in peak summer temperatures is achieved by utilizing high thermic mass in the inside of the edifice and night-time natural airing. In add-on domestic hot H2O is served by 5 mA? solar aggregator. Photovoltaic aggregators on the facade and roof provide 9.8 kWpeak electricity. Due to dynamic simulation theoretical accounts the squad was successful in accomplishing parametric quantities of 15 kWh/mA?a and even below for the Heating Energy Figure and a Primary Energy Figure for chilling of 49 kWh/mA?a. ( maximal 80kWh/mA?a ) The solution for the warming was a heating pump with earth aggregators combined with a extremely efficient air supply system including heat recycling. For chilling in summer the system with earth aggregators works contrary. The power supply for the warming pump is compensated with a 80 mA? photovoltaik characteristic. Recycling of Water 1. The edifice has a H2O basin for roll uping the rain H2O. To keep the quality of the H2O a circulation pump is used to convey the H2O to a biological sand filter with workss. 2. Rainwater aggregator In instance of rainfall the flood of H2O from both edifice roofs will be guide over the sand filter to tank. If the maximal degree is reached, the H2O goes into a drainage cavity. 3. Grey Water The H2O from the kitchen and the bite saloon is collected individually and stored in a gray H2O armored combat vehicle. A timer brings this H2O to planted filter basins, and from there is tallies to the rain H2O aggregator. 4. Rain usage From the drain H2O pit a pump system brings the H2O to lavatories, helps irrigating the workss, a is excess supply if there is nor plenty gray H2O. The system for the lavatories includes a H2O ticker for exact public fees for H2O usage. The edifice with its 2000 mA? was finished in October 2003. Demand monitoring will assist to guarantee the quality and to farther exchange the cognition addition in that experiment. Deep sonds is when heat energy is harnessed from the H2O beneath the surface through usage of a geothermic heat pump and distributed to the edifice. The fluid is so re-warmed as it flows through the land. The procedure is reversed in chilling manner. This sustainable technique can be used for chilling and warming of houses, chilling of telecommunication patchboards, etc. The chief thought of deep sonds is to utilize the heat that is stored in the land and use it to allow heating/cooling systems in edifices The establishing costs for the full edifice composite were 1,205 EUR/mA? , without royalties. The running costs for the heat pump ( 7,5 kWh/mA?a ) and for the HVAC equipment operation ( 42 kWh/mA?a ) can be calculated in entire with an electricity monetary value of 0,12 a‚ ¬/kWh ( +20 % gross revenues revenue enhancement ) and a entire annual electricity ingestion of 108,742 kWh. This consequences in running electricity cost of 13,049 a‚ ¬ ( +20 % gross revenues revenue enhancement ) .6The decrease of the energy demand for warming and chilling was a demand to construct a sustainable and besides a cost efficient energy supply system. An optimization procedure was carried out by the planing machines and the first computations resulted in really hot indoor clime during the summer ( approx. 50A °C in exposed countries ) but instead low heating demand for the winter ( approx. 30 kWh/mA?a ) . With this as base were farther computations carried out for two mention old ages, one with an utmost hot summer and one with an utmost cold winter. This was optimised with the dynamically simulation plan TRNSYS. A thermic mass of 100 dozenss was integrated into the house, as consequences from the simulations, which showed a demand for extra storage mass. The optimization computations of the edifice considered betterments in the Uvalues of the glassy countries, a pplication of thermic constructing mass, decrease of glazed countries in the atrium ( up to 50 % ) , application of solar protection glass and heat protection glass, turning away of thermic Bridgess, decrease of infiltration, optimised illuming constructs, optimised shadowing constructs, high efficient heat recovery application, application of dark airing and optimization of all HVAC equipment.

Hip Hop and Americas Youth Essay

euphony is a large offset of life, it is important to the Statess purification and identity. medicament dismiss produce a ostracize picture on manner and susceptible audiences, leaders coxa joint to aggressive style in umpteen of Ameri potful jejuneness. There ready been umteen debates over hip- skip and its influence on the offspring conjunction in the States. some(prenominal) people believe that it has a oppose impact while others feelthat it does non account for any change in young person society. I believe that hip hop plays a role in the destruction of the youth community in the America. How does symphony and human air hold back? What argon the negative and tyrannical pip that hip hop has towards Americas youth community?Before I reach into the negative influences I would like to diskuss the positive influences hip-hophas brought to the society. Hip-Hop is among the top 5 most played genres. The oral creativeness the performer uses to generate a aut horitative simile, metaphor, language and rhyme. Hip-hop and poetry serving the same methods that expedite into the youth go to grow companionship by dint ofout the audience. some devotees have agreed critical opinion about the society is encouraged by hip-hop. Hip-hop is cosmos used as an instructional tool by many instructors to employ it for teaching grammar, mathematics and the oscillating table.The development of hip-hop started in Bronx novel York. The evolution of hip-hop continues to expand to our familiarize day. It has become a movement and culture that began 30 to 40 years ago. Kool Herc (DJ) is know as world a f totally flat of hip-hop in 1967 when he do his first gig at his sisters birthday party. Alterations within the culture have taken the originality to a whole new aim with technology taking its jump and mer layabouttilism overrunning the medicament industry. (Palvic, 2006)The four elements condition (social, economic, heathen and political) refle cts theyouth community allowing them to discover in a way they fuel match or portray society. The Black liberal arts Movements, Black Power, Civil Rights, New inkiness Renaissance, Blues and Jazz argon all phenomenons that fucking be wasted as similar mechanicic movements such as hip-hop. Rapping, graffiti art, break dancing, and disc jockeying are considered to be among the four elements that roam around hip-hop. Ever since hip-hop appeared in the Bronx, hip hop has incorporated a styleof language, dress and dialect and a way of looking at the world. (Alridge and mob, 2005)The affinity between human behavior and unison is strong. Music solutions human behavior in many ways and can summon emotions. (Gurney, 1982) There are types of symphony that can relax a person, constitute a person pumped, and eve make a person feel sad. Music can increase levels of memory as well as increase tightfistedness levels. Music is subject to bring a straight influence on the behavior o f an individual. Studies have proven that music decreases the truth of handwriting and keyboard typing. Nearly over genius thousand studies have shown that convulsive lyric music produces a negative behavior in not all barely certain children. The average teens spend 4 to 5 hours daily auditory modality to music or watching it on television. A Swedish study showed that much children that are conducted around unfounded music are more like to be influenced by their fellow peers than influenced by their parents/guardians. ane can estimate thatyouths are spending more time perceive to music than get a lineing to the focus of their parents/guardians. More parents/guardians are acquire less involved with what their children are listening to. One whitethorn believe that these parents/guardians may think that there is no final resultfor their children .This is a result in youths universe lead down the wrong pass which lead eventually stab them posterior in life. This compil ation almost whole kit and boodle like the butterfly effect. Its starts out with something runty and gradually work its way into something big. clement personality is developed unconsciously in the stages of growth in child hood. What we drive inHip Hop and Americas youth community 4and become accustomed to in our puerility development lead insure what we willing become in ouradulthood. The concern is not within hip-hop itself but its the songs that promote racism, sex, violence, and drug use. These elements are the vista of the world that hip-hop brings to society. I believe if you can change this outlook you can change the world. Violent hip-hop is scantily entrainment or gangster stories painted through lyrics like picture movies, simply believe everything a rapper says and sometimes perplex to behave the same as well. (Mcwhorter, 2003)Dr. Tricia rosiness conducted a research to determine whether violent lyrics,and in the case of music videos, violent images, can cause vi olent youth behavior. She gathered 5 youth ranging from the ages 5-12. In this experiment the children are the independent variant and hip hop music cosmos the dependent variable. Dr. Tricia had four computer monitors manipulate up. Each child would watch the music videos with headsets on. Dr. Tricia then would study the behavior the children showed. She reason from four out of five children were screening signs in change of behavior as the hip hop music was being played. The younger children would follow what they were seeing. The children would raise their turn over up and flash gangs signs up as they saw in the music video. Dr. Tricia proves that the majority of the children that sat and watched the music video were affected by what was being played. Hip hop artist have changed rapidly over the past 30 to 40 years. The culture is now usingdrugs, money, conk language and many other things to take a leak inside the listeners head. (Mcwhorter, 2003) One may wonder if developi ng a clean version of hip hop music to be played on the radio is enough. It doesnt change what the artist is really inferring. The people of America should not allow their youth community to listen to such music for it will solitary(prenominal) cause bigger problems in the big run. First off the black youth community in America will not be able grow in the society. The Black community will always looked upon as being a group of uneducated ignorant people.When vie music human behavior is to copy what they see or hear. One can believe that children will be cursing, having teenage sex, dressing inappropriately and etc. The hip hop culture has become more inappropriate the past 30 to 40 years. Classic hip-hop is the MC who raps from the marrow while enlightens the people with a contrastive way of seeing the world. The term MC is short for master of ceremonies, which was started in 1974(before rap).Weve storied that many of the youth community in America can have a negative and l ittle positive effect on hip hop music. Music can affect human behavior in psychological ways. Parental guidance is overrun by the amount of hours youths listen to music. Although music is a large part of life, its important to Americas culture and identity. The debates over hip hops negative effect on youth will continue unless the culture puts in the effort to change the hip-hop industry.ReferencesAlridge, Derrick P., and James B. Stewart. Introduction Hip Hop in annals Past, Present, andFuture. The Journal of African History 90.3 (2005) 190-95. Print.Gurney, Edmund (1982). The psychology of music. Mind, 7(25), 89-100.Print.Mcwhorter, John H. How Hip-Hop Holds Blacks Back. (n.d.) n. pag. urban center Journal. TheManhattan Institute, Summer 2003. Web. Feb.-Mar. 2014..Palvic, E. (2006). Rap, Soul, and the Vortex at 33.3 revolutions per minute Hip-Hops Implements and AfricanAmerican Modernisms. Callaloo, 29(3), 956-968.